Resumen Antecedentes: El cáncer de células pequeñas (CPCP) representa el 13-15% del total de neoplasias primarias de pulmón. Se caracteriza por su rapidez en la tasa de crecimiento y en el desarrollo de metástasis a distancia. Objetivos: Orientar y estandarizar el tratamiento del CPCP enfermedad extensa en México basado en evidencia clínica nacional e internacional. Material y métodos: Este documento se desarrolló como una colaboración del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y la Sociedad Mexicana de Oncología en cumplimiento con estándares internacionales. Se integró un grupo conformado por oncólogos médicos, cirujanos oncólogos, cirujanos de tórax, radio-oncólogos y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y guías de práctica clínica. Resultados: Se consensaron, por el método Delphi y en reuniones a distancia, las recomendaciones en CPCP enfermedad extensa, producto de preguntas de trabajo. Se identificó y evaluó la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de dichas preguntas clínicas antes de incorporarla al cuerpo de la guía. Conclusión: Esta guía proporciona recomendaciones clínicas para el manejo de la enfermedad extensa del CPCP y durante el proceso de toma de decisiones de los clínicos involucrados con su manejo en nuestro país para mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica para estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 13-15% of all primary lung neoplasms and is characterized by its rapid growth rate and the rapid development of distant metastases. Objectives: To guide and standardize the treatment of extensive disease small cell lung cancer in Mexico based on national and international clinical evidence. Material and methods: This document was developed as a collaboration between the National Cancer Institute and the Mexican Society of Oncology in compliance with international standards. An interdisciplinary group was formed, including medical oncologists, oncological surgeons, thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, and methodologists with experience in systematic reviews of the literature and clinical practice guidelines. Results: A consensus was reached, both by the Delphi method and in remote meetings, of extensive disease recommendations resulting from work questions. The scientific evidence that answers each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated, before being incorporated into the body of evidence of the Guide. Conclusions: This Clinical Practice Guide provides clinical recommendations for the management of extensive disease of SCLC to contribute to the decision-making process of the clinicians involved with its management in our country, hoping that this will contribute to improving the quality of clinical care in these patients.

Resumen Tanto el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) como la ansiedad son dos de los trastornos que más se evidencian en la población infanto-juvenil existiendo una correlación entre ambos tal y como se recoge en numerosos estudios. La combinación de ambos trastornos afecta a los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje del niño provocando dificultades de aprendizaje (DA) en el mismo. Los objetivos del presente trabajo se basaron en valorar los criterios que evidencian padres y profesores en niños con TDAH para caracterizar el grado de adecuación de la percepción y evaluar si esta se ajusta a la realidad o es insuficiente, si existen diferencias en dicha percepción entre padres y docentes; analizar la conciencia que tienen sobre las posibles DA que puedan presentar, para así aportar orientaciones adecuadas que permitan una favorable inter vención y evolución. La muestra se compone de 137 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 9 y 15 años con un Coeficiente Intelectual Total (CIT) de entre 80 y 120. Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron: la escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para niños-V (WISC-V), el Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo en Niños(STAI-C), el Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes(SENA) y el Inventario de Problemas en la Escuela (IPE). Como resultado se observa que la ansiedad percibida por estos niños no está relacionada con la que aprecian padres y profesores, sin embargo, estos últimos sí que coinciden en su apreciación.

Abstract Both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and anxiety are two of the disorders that are most evident in the infant-juvenile population and there is a correlation between the two, as shown in numerous studies. The combination of both disorders affects the child’s teaching-learning processes, causing learning difficulties (LD). The aims of the present study were based on assessing the criteria evidenced by parents and teachers in children with ADHD to characterize the degree of adequacy of perception and to evaluate whether this is in line with real ity or insufficient, whether there are differences in this perception between parents and teachers, and to analyze their awareness of the possible AD they may present, in order to provide appropriate guidelines for favourable intervention and evolution. The sample consisted of 137 subjects aged between 9 and 15 years with a Total IQ (TIQ) between 80 and 120. The instruments used were: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V), the State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire for Children (STAI-C), the Child and Adolescent Assessment System (SENA) and the Inventory of Problems at School (IPE). As a result, it is observed that the anxiety perceived by these children is not related to the anxiety perceived by parents and teachers, although the latter do coincide in their assessment.

Resumen Introducción. La información fenológica sobre Myroxylon peruiferum en Costa Rica es escasa. Además, se desconocen las características del aceite y la isoterma de equilibrio de las semillas. El conocimiento generado en este campo permitirá realizar un adecuado manejo de las semillas; y generar opciones de prospección del aceite. Objetivos. (i) Documentar un evento de floración y fructificación de un árbol de M. peruiferum. (ii) Determinar las características del aceite del fruto y la semilla. (iii) Generar una isoterma de absorción/des-absorción de agua. Materiales y métodos. De marzo a mayo de 2021, se documentó la floración y fructificación de un árbol de M. peruiferum en Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica. Los frutos maduros se recolectaron entre junio y julio. Se caracterizó el contenido de aceite de los frutos y de las semillas por separado. Se elaboró una isoterma de absorción/des-absorción de agua, con la que se probó el ajuste de la ecuación de Cromarty. Resultados. El periodo de floración, fructificación y dispersión duró cinco meses. Estas fenofases ocurrieron simultáneamente. El ácido oleico fue el principal ácido graso. Hubo una correlación significativa entre los porcentajes de ácidos grasos del aceite del fruto y el de la semilla, y entre los contenidos de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados. El aceite es amarillo, medianamente intenso y luminoso. Al incrementar la humedad relativa, el contenido de humedad de las semillas aumentó. La relación lineal entre los valores reales y los obtenidos mediante la ecuación de Cromarty fue de R2= 0,93. Conclusión. La recolección de frutos maduros puede realizarse entre marzo y agosto, y destinarlos a estudios de germinación, propagación y prospección del aceite. Ya establecida la relación entre la humedad relativa y contenido de humedad de la semilla, se pueden desarrollar estudios sobre almacenamiento de semillas y pérdida de viabilidad.

Abstract Introduction. Phenological information on Myroxylon peruiferum in Costa Rica is scarce. In addition, the characteristics of the oil and the equilibrium isotherm are unknown. The knowledge generated in this field will allow proper seed management and generate oil prospecting options. Objectives. (i) To document a flowering and fruiting event of a single M. peruiferum tree. (ii) To determine the characteristics of the fruit and seed oil. (iii) To generate a water absorption/de-absorption isotherm. Materials and methods. From March to May 2021, the flowering and fruiting of M. peruiferum tree was documented in Montes de Oca, San Jose, Costa Rica. Mature fruits were collected between June and July. The oil content of fruits and seeds was characterized separately. A water absorption/de-absorption isotherm was elaborated, with which the fit of the Cromarty equation was tested. Results. The flowering, fruiting, and dispersal period lasted five months. These phenophases occurred simultaneously. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid. There was a significant correlation between the percentages of fatty acid in the fruit and seed oil, and between the contents of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oil is yellow, moderately intense, and luminous. As relative humidity increased, seed moisture content also increased. The linear relationship between the actual values and those obtained using the Cromarty equation was R2= 0.93. Conclusion. Mature fruit can be harvested between March and August, and be used for germination, propagation and oil prospecting studies. Once the relationship between relative humidity and seed moisture content is established, studies on seed storage and viability loss can be developed.

Resumen Las tecnologías digitales móviles son parte de la vida cotidiana de los niños. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre su contexto de uso en Latinoamérica. Esta investigación utilizó un diseño mixto para describir las características del uso de teléfonos móviles y tabletas en niños costarricenses entre 1 y 5 años de edad y sus cuidadores. El Estudio 1 analizó las interacciones familiares en áreas de comida de centros comerciales a través de observaciones no participantes. Los resultados indicaron que fueron los cuidadores quienes utilizaron los teléfonos durante la observación, ante lo cual los niños usualmente realizaron actividades que no implicaron interactuar con sus cuidadores. Frente a intentos de los niños por interactuar, los cuidadores raramente respondieron. A través de una metodología de encuesta dirigida a padres, el Estudio 2 exploró el uso de los dispositivos por parte de los niños y sus cuidadores en el hogar. Los resultados indicaron que los niños acceden principalmente a contenidos educativos al usar los dispositivos, y los cuidadores mencionaron usualmente acompañar a los niños durante su uso. También reportaron casi siempre utilizar las estrategias mediadoras de tipo restrictivo y de supervisión, y en menor medida la mediación instructiva y de uso conjunto. Además, los cuidadores consideraron que la actividad física y el sueño son los aspectos más negativamente afectados por el uso infantil de dispositivos, mientras que las habilidades matemáticas y lingüísticas tienden a verse más afectadas positivamente. Estos resultados caracterizan el uso temprano de dispositivos móviles en contextos de cuidado parental en Costa Rica.

Abstract Mobile technologies are part of children’s everyday lives. However, little is known about their context of use in Latin America. The goal of this paper is to describe how Costa Rican caregivers and their children between the ages of 1 and 5 years old use smartphones and tablets. A mixed-methods approach was used, including two studies. Study 1 used non-participant observations to analyze family interactions related to smartphone use in food court areas in shopping malls. A total of 22 children were observed while interacting with their caregivers and their use of smartphones was registered (N = 269 events) and classified according to (a) the person who used the smartphone and (b) the actions that took place during its use. Results indicated smartphones were mostly used by caregivers (n = 226, 84.01 %), followed by a co-use to take pictures or make videos (n = 27, 10.03 %). Children’s use was infrequent (n = 16, 5.94 %). During caregivers’ use, children usually engaged in activities that did not involve their caretaker, such as silently eating, interacting with another adult not using a smartphone at the moment or looking around. When children attempted to interact with their caregivers while they were using their smartphones, caregivers rarely responded. No disruptive behaviors on children were observed after caregivers’ lack of response. Using a survey methodology, Study 2 explored children’s and caregivers’ use of mobile devices at home. A total of 42.9 % of caregivers reported they sometimes facilitate a device to their children to be able to accomplish other domestic and work-related tasks, as well as to satisfy personal needs. Daily duration of caregivers’ use of devices was longer on weekdays (M = 207 minutes, SD = 116.02) than weekends (M = 164.25 minutes, SD = 118.54). Caregivers’ daily duration of use was related to children’s daily duration of use during weekdays (r = .414) and weekends (r = .451), and during caregiving time on weekdays (r = .328) and weekends (r = .541). Using a Likert scale (1 = never, 5 = always), the children’s consumed content was explored. Findings indicate that children mostly consumed content from YouTube (M = 3.60, SD = 1.14) and children’s educational apps (M = 3.13, SD = 1.5). Use of educational videogames (M = 3.27, SD = 1.34), puzzle-like videogames (M = 2.36, SD = 1.26) and word games (M = 2.23, SD = 1.14) was more frequent than action (M= 1.48, SD = 1.02) and sports videogames (M= 1.55, SD = 0.93). Educational televised programs (M = 3.58, SD = 1.10) and musical cartoons (M = 3.27, SD = 1.11) were frequently consumed by children. A total of 47.2 % of caregivers also indicated that they always accompany their children while they use devices at home. Caregivers reported a higher use of technological restrictive mediation (M = 4.14, SD = 1.14) and supervision (M = 4.1, SD = 1.11), followed by instructive (M = 3.93, SD = 1.19) and co-use mediation (M= 3.62, SD = 1.14). On a scale of 1 (very negative) to 5 (very positive), caregivers indicated that physical activity (M = 1.72, SD = 1.07) and sleep (M = 2.09, SD = .96) were most negatively affected by children’s device use, whereas mathematical (M = 3.36, SD = 1.04) and linguistic skills (M = 3.44, SD = 1.13) were the most positively affected. This study’s results provide a preliminary understanding of the context of use of mobile technology during caregiving of young children.

Abstract In the present study, the approximate fractal morphometry of spherical-type essential oil microemulsions was performed. The geometric fractal characterization was carried out by a recently published continuous half-fractal model which allowed to model microemulsions as systems in their stable thermodynamic equilibrium phase with high degree of homogeneity. Regarding the characteristic of high homogeneity an equation was developed to roughly describe the volume fractal dimension and the fractal volume of two special cases elaborated from Rosmarinus officinalis and Melaleuca alternifolia previously investigated. In addition, referring to the characteristic of high homogeneity, it was possible to approximate the fractal dimension of area and the fractal area for each microemulsion. Our numerical estimates showed coherence with the principles of Hausdorff-Besicovitch geometry and with the experimental evidence about the physical dimension as a non- integer dimension.

Resumen Introducción: La angioplastia con balón es una técnica que ofrece buenos resultados, especialmente en los casos de recoartación tras cirugía correctora. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados de un centro hospitalario a partir de la introducción de la técnica. Método: Se analizaron 73 pacientes con una edad media de 3.3 años; el 74% eran menores de 1 año y el 72.6% estaban por debajo de 10 kg de peso. Todos los pacientes incluidos fueron casos de recoartación tras cirugía correctora. Resultados: Se observó un resultado efectivo en el 93.1% de los casos, con gradiente residual < 20 mmHg. Durante el seguimiento, el 20.5% precisaron reintervención, la cual fue más frecuente en caso de angioplastia sobre el arco, lesiones asociadas y menores de 1 año. Solo se objetivó una complicación grave relacionada con el procedimiento, que correspondió a una rotura aórtica que no pudo ser solventada con implante de stent cubierto. Conclusiones: La angioplastia percutánea de recoartación de aorta es una técnica segura y efectiva, en especial en los casos de recoartación tras cirugía correctora de lesiones circunscritas al istmo.

Abstract Introduction: Balloon angioplasty is a technique with good outcomes, specially in cases aortic recoartation after correcting surgery. Objective: To analyze our centre results since the introduction of the technique. Method: We analyzed 73 patients with medium age of 3,3 years; 74% were under 1 years old and 72,6% under 10 kg weight. All patients included were cases of recoartation after surgery. Results: Effective results was achieved in 93,1%, obtaining residual gradient less than 20 mmHg. During the following up 20,5% of patients required reintervention, being more frequent in case of aortic arch hypoplasia, associated lesions or patients under 1 year. Only a severe complication was referred, a case of aortic rupture that couldn’t be solved with a covered stent. Conclusions: Percutaneous angioplasty of aortic recoartation is a safe and effective technique, specially in discrete istmic lesions after correcting surgery.

Abstract Introduction: The triglycerides-glucose (TyG) index is considered a new marker of insulin resistance, and is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate the capability of TyG index to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Methods: Multicenter cohort study that enrolled 1123 patients included in the Cuban Registry of Acute Myocardial Infarction between January 2018 and June 2021. Results: TyG index optimal cutoff point to predict mortality was 8.96 (sensitivity, 65.2%; specificity, 62.0%; area under the curve; 0.636; p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the group with TyG index ≥ 8.96. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the TyG index was an independent mortality predictor (OR = 2.959; 95% CI = 1.457-6.010; p = 0.003). When the TyG index was included in the multivariate model, it increased its predictive capacity (area under the curve, 0.917, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed significant differences between patient groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The TyG index constitutes an independent risk factor of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Resumen Introducción: El índice triglicéridos-glucemia (ITG/G) es considerado un nuevo marcador de resistencia a la insulina y está relacionado con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad del ITG/G para predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria en los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico de cohorte que incluyó a 1123 pacientes del Registro Cubano de Infarto del Miocardio Agudo entre enero de 2018 y junio de 2021. Resultados: El punto de corte óptimo del ITG/G para predecir mortalidad fue 8.96 (sensibilidad de 65.2 %, especificidad de 62.0 % y área bajo la curva de 0.636; p < 0.001). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria se incrementó significativamente en el grupo con ITG/G ≥ 8.96. El análisis de regresión logística reveló que el ITG/G fue un marcador predictor independiente de mortalidad (RM = 2.959, IC 95 % = 1.457-6.010, p = 0.003). El modelo multivariado que incluyó el ITG/G elevó su capacidad predictiva (área bajo la curva de 0.917, p < 0.001). Las curvas de Kaplan-Meier mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de pacientes (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: El ITG/G constituye un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria por infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST.

Abstract Introduction: In the care of patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) it is important what they think about their symptoms. Objective: To validate the psychometric properties of a symptom attribution scale in patients with MUPS and to verify its reliability. Methods: A non-probabilistic sample of 400 male and female adult patients were interviewed in the outpatient services of a family medicine hospital, 200 with MUPS and 200 with a defined organic pathology. Each group was diagnosed with defined criteria, and a scale with content and construct validity was applied by means of principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Results: The scale was made up of 12 items with two factors, one of symptom psychosocial attribution and others with organic attribution. The psychosocial-origin factor showed a variance of 49.7%. The goodness-of-fit test demostrated that the correlation matrix was adequate, and Bartlett’s sphericity test indicated statistical significance (p < 0.0001); Cronbach’s alpha was 0.841. Conclusion: The scale showed acceptable construct validity and good reliability and stability. The implications of these results for future measurement research are discussed.

Resumen Introducción: En la atención de pacientes con síntomas físicos médicamente no explicables (SFMNE) es importante lo que el paciente piensa de sus síntomas. Objetivo: Validar propiedades psicométricas de una escala de atribución del síntoma en pacientes con SFMNE y verificar su confiabilidad. Métodos: Se entrevistó a una muestra no probabilística de 400 pacientes adultos, hombres y mujeres, en la consulta de un hospital con medicina familiar, 200 con SFMNE y 200 con patología orgánica concreta. Se diagnosticó a cada grupo con criterios definidos y se aplicó una escala con validez de contenido y de constructo por medio de análisis de componentes principales con rotación varimax. Resultados: La escala quedó integrada por 12 reactivos con dos factores, uno de atribución psicosocial y otro de atribución orgánica del síntoma. El factor de origen psicosocial tuvo una varianza de 49.7 %. La prueba de bondad de ajuste mostró que la matriz de correlaciones fue adecuada y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett indicó significación estadística (p < 0.0001); el alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.841. Conclusión.: La escala mostró una validez de constructo aceptable y buena confiabilidad y estabilidad. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la investigación de mediciones futuras.

Abstract: Different perspectives about the impact of early exposure to communication and information technologies are currently available in the literature. However, little is known about the use of these technologies among children. This article describes how Costa Rican preschoolers watch television. Study 1 specifies the context in which children watch television at home. A survey was applied to 285 families with children between 2 and 8 years old (M = 5 years and 2 months, SD = 12.75 months) using convenience sampling. Questionnaires were distributed through social networks and in four preschools. Results indicated that children watch television in the company of their parents, who reported talking about the contents of the televised programs with their children. Based on these results, the aim of Study 2 was to characterize the parental scaffolding provided during television co-viewing. Using convenience sampling, video recordings of 17 mother-child dyads (M = 3 years and 9 months, SD = 6.45 months) watching a child television program were completed. Videotape analyses indicated that mothers talked to children while watching the program. These conversations mostly described program's content, mainly using labeling and description of actions, followed by evaluations of the program's content and connections between the content and the child's personal experiences. The use of predictions and inferences about the content of the program was scarce. Taken together, these results inform the development of future studies aimed at evaluating the potential of co-viewing to promote child development.

Resumen: Actualmente existen distintas posiciones sobre los efectos del uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en el desarrollo infantil, aunque poco se conoce sobre su utilización en edades tempranas. Este artículo describe el visionado televisivo en niños y niñas preescolares costarricenses. El Estudio 1 se propuso detallar el contexto de visionado televisivo de niños y niñas en el hogar. Se realizó una encuesta mediante un muestreo por conveniencia a 285 familias de niños y niñas con edades entre 2 y 8 años (M = 5 años y 2 meses, DE = 12,75 meses), para lo cual se distribuyó un cuestionario por medio de redes sociales y en cuatro jardines infantiles. Los resultados indicaron que los niños y niñas miran la televisión acompañados por sus padres y madres, quienes reportaron conversar sobre los contenidos de los programas televisivos durante su proyección. Con base en estos hallazgos, el Estudio 2 se propuso caracterizar el andamiaje parental brindado durante el visionado televisivo conjunto. Utilizando un muestreo por conveniencia, se realizaron videograbaciones de 17 díadas madre-hijo (M = 3 años y 9 meses, DE = 6,45 meses) mirando un programa infantil. Los análisis de las interacciones indicaron que las madres conversaban sobre lo proyectado, ofreciendo principalmente descripciones de los contenidos televisivos a través del etiquetado y la descripción de acciones, seguido por evaluaciones de los contenidos del programa y por la formulación de conexiones entre los contenidos del programa y las experiencias del niño. El uso de predicciones e inferencias sobre los contenidos fue escaso. En conjunto, estos resultados brindan información valiosa para el desarrollo de estudios futuros orientados a evaluar el potencial del visionado conjunto para la promoción del desarrollo infantil.

SUMMARY: The fruits of linaloe (Bursera linanoe) are collected to extract an aromatic oil and trees are cut to make crafts in the tropical region of Mexico. Structural values of natural populations are unknown, therefore the objectives of this study were to evaluate the population structure and to assess their horizontal distribution. In two biotic subprovinces twenty-four sampling units were established; in each subprovince two altitudinal ranges were determined. In each sample unit, dasometric variables were measured and density, crown area, index of structural value (IVE), indexes of Morisita (Is) and Ripley (L(t)) were calculated. In Balsasana on range < 900 m a.s.l. the density and height of non-reproductive individuals were 560 individual ha-1 and 0.103 m, in > 900 m a.s.l. were 300 individuals ha-1 and 1.212 m. In the subprovince Cañadiana range < 900 m a.s.l., it was 33 individual ha-1 and 0.213 m, while in the range > 900 m a.s.l. it was 260 individual ha-1 and 0.755 m in the lowest range. We recorded 313 reproductive individual ha-1, with 6.59 m of height, 0.247 m diameter and 205 m2 ha-1 crown area, while in the range > 900 m a.s.l., 320 individual ha-1 were recorded with 3.44 m, 0.061 m and 52 m2 ha-1 respectively. Based on Is = 69.56 % and L(t) = 62.50 %, the common horizontal distribution pattern was aggregated. The aggregate pattern dominates in Balsasana subprovince while the random pattern is present in the Cañadiana subprovince.

RESUMEN: Los frutos de lináloe (Bursera linanoe) se recolectan para obtener un aceite aromático y los árboles se cortan para elaborar artesanías en el sur de México. Se desconocen valores estructurales de sus poblaciones naturales, por lo que los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la estructura poblacional y conocer el patrón de distribución horizontal. En dos subprovincias bióticas se establecieron veinticuatro unidades de muestreo (UM), en cada subprovincia se consideraron dos intervalos altitudinales. En cada UM se midieron variables dasométricas y se calcularon densidad, área de copa, índice de valor estructural (IVE), índices de Morisita (Is) y de Ripley (L(t)). En Balsasana intervalo < 900 m s.n.m. la densidad y altura de los individuos no reproductivos fue 560 individuos ha-1 y 0,103 m, en > 900 m s.n.m. fueron 300 individuos ha-1 y 1,212 m. En la subprovincia Cañadiana intervalo < 900 m s.n.m. fueron 33 individuos ha-1 y 0,213 m, mientras que en el intervalo > 900 m s.n.m. fue de 260 individuos ha-1 y 0,755 m. En Balsasana se registraron 313 individuos reproductivos ha-1, con 6,59 m de altura, 0,247 m diámetro y 205 m2 ha-1 de cobertura de copa, mientras en el intervalo > 900 m s.n.m. se registraron 320 individuos ha-1, con 3,44 m, 0,061 m y 52 m2 ha-1 respectivamente. Con base en Is = 69,56 % y L (t) = 62,50 %, el patrón de distribución horizontal común fue el agregado. El patrón agrupado domina en las subprovincia Balsasana mientras que el patrón aleatorio está presente en la subprovincia Cañadiana.

Abstract The Antarctic region has experienced recent climate and environmental variations due to climate change, such as ice sheets and ice shelves loss, and changes in the production, extension, and thickness of sea-ice. These processes mainly affect the freshwater supply to the Southern Ocean and its water masses formation and export, being crucial to changes in the global climate. Here, we review the influence of the glacial freshwater input on the Antarctic Peninsula adjacent ocean. We highlight each climate process’ relevance on freshwater contribution to the sea and present a current overview of how these processes are being addressed and studied. The increase of freshwater input into the ocean carries several implications on climate, regionally and globally. Due to glacier melting, the intrusion of colder and lighter water into the ocean increases the stratification of the water column, influencing the sea-ice increase and reducing ocean-atmosphere exchanges, affecting the global water cycle. This study shows the role of each hydrological cycle processes and their contributions to the regional oceanography and potentially to climate.

Interest in developing novel wound dressings with antibacterial properties elaborated from natural sources continues to grow. In this study, a Tween-80 (T80)-stabilized carvacrol (CAR) emulsion was incorporated into pectin (PEC) membranes at 0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00% (v/v). Membranes were obtained by the dry-casting method, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and CAR retention (HPLC), and tested for antibacterial activity. The retention percentage of CAR in the membranes ranged from 9.1-13.9%. Infrared spectra analysis indicated changes in the hydrogen bonds of the membranes that suggest an interaction between the polymer matrix and the CAR:T80 emulsion. Microstructural analysis of the membranes showed the presence of hole-like features on the surface (≈ 4-6 µm diameter) that indicate entrapment of the micelles in the matrix (microcapsules). The PEC-CAR membranes exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, two pathogens commonly associated with wounds and intra-hospital infections.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade de um programa cognitivo-comportamental para controle de sintomas do trato urinário inferior pós-prostatectomia radical. Método: estudo de ensaio clínico randomizado, com 41 participantes aleatorizados em intervenção (n=20) e controle (n=21), durante três meses. O grupo intervenção recebeu o programa cognitivo-comportamental, enquanto o grupo controle recebeu orientações de rotina do serviço. As variáveis desfechos foram intensidade da incontinência urinária e sintomas do trato urinário inferior, avaliados pelo Pad-Test e Urinary Incontinence Scale of Radical Prostatectomy e King’s Health Questionnaire. Resultados: ao final do estudo, o grupo intervenção apresentou menor intensidade da incontinência urinária (p≤0,001), e houve menos chances de apresentar alterações da frequência urinária (p≤0,001), urgência miccional (p≤0,001), noctúria (p=0,005), incontinência urinária de esforço (p≤0,001) e urge-incontinência (p≤0,045). Conclusão: o programa cognitivo-comportamental foi efetivo para a redução de sintomas do trato urinário inferior após a prostatectomia radical. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-3sstqg.

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral program to control lower urinary tract symptoms after radical prostatectomy. Methods: a randomized clinical trial study, with 41 participants randomized into intervention (n=20) and control (n=21), for three months. The intervention group received the cognitive-behavioral program, while the control group received routine guidance from the service. Outcome variables were urinary incontinence intensity and lower urinary tract symptoms, assessed by the Pad-Test and Urinary Incontinence Scale of Radical Prostatectomy and King’s Health Questionnaire. Results: at the end of the study, the intervention group had a lower urinary incontinence intensity (p≤0.001), and there were less chances of presenting changes in urinary frequency (p≤0.001), urinary urgency (p≤0.001), nocturia (p=0.005), stress urinary incontinence (p≤0.001) and urge incontinence (p≤0.045). Conclusion: the cognitive-behavioral program was effective in reducing lower urinary tract symptoms after radical prostatectomy. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry: RBR-3sstqg.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de un programa cognitivo-conductual para controlar los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior después de la prostatectomía radical. Métodos: estudio de ensayo clínico aleatorizado, con 41 participantes aleatorizados en intervención (n=20) y control (n=21), durante tres meses. El grupo de intervención recibió el programa cognitivo-conductual, mientras que el grupo control recibió orientación rutinaria del servicio. Las variables de resultado fueron la intensidad de la incontinencia urinaria y los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior, evaluados mediante Pad-Test y Urinary Incontinence Scale of Radical Prostatectomy y King’s Health Questionnaire. Resultados: al final del estudio, el grupo intervención presentó menor intensidad de incontinencia urinaria (p≤0,001), y hubo menos posibilidades de presentar cambios en la frecuencia urinaria (p≤0,001), urgencia urinaria (p≤0,001), nicturia (p=0,005), incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (p≤0,001) e incontinencia de urgencia (p≤0,045). Conclusión: el programa cognitivo-conductual fue eficaz para reducir los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior después de la prostatectomía radical. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR-3sstqg.

Abstract Global warming and its consequences on polar regions have been thoroughly discussed in recent times. One of those consequences is the freshwater flux and the associated cooling and freshening that result from iceberg melting. Despite the potential impact, large uncertainties exist resulting mostly from the complexity to follow icebergs from space, which make the few existing estimates essentially model-based. This study takes advantage of state-of-art machine learning methods to present novel prevalent trajectories and potential freshwater input from 450 icebergs ranging from 1 to 2765 km2 across the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. The main results highlight the predominance of a northward flux and the entrance of icebergs up to 10 km2 into Bransfield Strait associated with the main current systems along the Antarctic Peninsula. The present analysis on such a large number of icebergs unveils an average drift speed of 3.4 ± 2.7 km day-1 and an average disintegration rate of ~62% per year, representing an integrated potential regional freshwater input of 133.62 Gt yr-1. Altogether, this study adds new knowledge to the complex problem of autonomous applications for iceberg detection and tracking, further exploring such methods on a very dynamic region of singular importance for the ocean and climate studies.

Resumen La primera ocasión en que se describió el uso de la endoscopia intraoperatoria fue en 1973 por Espiner et al., quienes utilizaron la colonoscopia intraoperatoria con la finalidad de localizar todos los pólipos del colon y recto durante una polipectomía abierta mediante colotomía, pero no fue sino hasta 1994 cuando se describió un control endoscópico transoperatorio en una anastomosis del tracto digestivo, cuando Wittgrove et al. describieron un grupo en quienes se realizó cirugía de bypass gástrico con reconstrucción en Y de Roux. En un principio los cirujanos temían por la integridad de la línea de grapeo al ser sometida a presión al realizar el estudio endoscópico en una anastomosis recién elaborada, sin embargo en la actualidad contamos con evidencia suficiente para demostrar que no es un proceso riesgoso de realizar. En las últimas dos décadas han aparecido múltiples estudios en los que se emplea el control endoscópico transoperatorio en cirugías que involucran anastomosis digestivas, la mayoría de ellos con anastomosis mecánicas y en casi todos los casos con resultados alentadores.

Abstract The first time the use of intraoperative endoscopy was described was in 1973 by Espiner et al, who used intraoperative colonoscopy in order to locate all polyps of the colon and rectum during an open polypectomy by colotomy. At 1994 was the first time when the technique of intraoperative endoscopy was applied to review an digestive tract anastomosis when Wittgrove et al. described a group in whom gastric bypass surgery with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (RYGB) was performed. Initially, surgeons feared for the integrity of the staple line in the newly made anastomosis by subjecting it to increased pressure during the endoscopic study, however, currently we have enough evidence to show that it is not a risky procedure to perform. In the last two decades, multiple studies have appeared in which transoperative endoscopy was used in surgeries involving digestive anastomosis, most of them with mechanical anastomosis and in almost all cases with encouraging results.